Wednesday 14 September 2022

Determination of Aflatoxin Levels and Prevalence of Fungal Flora of Cwande Condiments Sold in Zuru Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria

This study aimed to determine the aflatoxin levels in Cwande condiments sold in Zuru Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria

Ahmad, A.

Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria

Keta, J.N.

Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria

Dharmendra Singh

Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria

*Corresponding author: abdulrahmanahmad434@gmail.com

Abstract

Aflatoxins are group of secondary metabolites produced by certain mold species which are dangerous to humans and animals. Cwande is a local condiment that is used to add flavor to the food, it get infected with fungi and aflatoxins as a result of improper processing and storage procedures. This study aimed to determine the aflatoxin levels in Cwande condiments sold in Zuru Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria, as well as the prevalence of fungal flora. Twenty (20) dried processed samples from four different collection points in Zuru central market were chosen at random and placed in brand-new polythene bags. Fungi were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar by Standard Dilution Plate method. Aflatoxin was determined using the ELISA method, which is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Five fungal species were isolated and identified as Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. fumigatus, Rhizopus stolonifer and Fusarium Oxysporum. Fungal species were present in varying degrees, from 9.09% to 39.39%. Aflatoxins varied from 2.539 to 2.546 in all samples. These results led to the discovery that the commercially available Cwande in the Zuru central market was tainted with various fungal species, including aflatoxigenic ones. All of the samples tested positive for aflatoxin according to the analysis, however none of them had levels that exceeded the 10g/kg maximum permissible limit for humans stipulated by the EU and NAFDAC. More research should be conducted in order to determine the nutritional and anti-nutritional components of the regional condiment (Cwande).

Keywords: Aflatoxin, Cwande, Fungal flora, Nigeria, Zuru LGA

Conflicts of interest: None
Supporting agencies: None

Received 05.07.2022; Revised 06.09.2022; Accepted 14.09.2022

Cite This Article: Ahmad, A., Keta, J.N. & Singh, D. (2022).  Determination of Aflatoxin Levels and Prevalence of Fungal Flora of Cwande Condiments Sold in Zuru Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management, 1(4), 371-375. 


References

Abdulkadir, E., Tahiya, A., Saif, A. and Charles, B. (2003). Fungi and aflatoxins associated with spices in the Sultanate of Oman. Mycopathologia,155, 155-160.

Aliero, Z. S., Singh, D., & Keta, J. N. (2022). Typha angustifolia L. Grass Hindering against Agricultural Productivity in Aliero River, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management, 1(3), 339-343.

Bokhari, F. M. (2007). Spices mycobiota and mycotoxins available in Saudi Arabia and their ability to inhibit the growth of some toxigenic fungi. Mycobiology, 35(2), 47- 53.

Creppy, E.E. (2002): Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Eurospe. Toxicology Letters, 127, 19-28.

Ezekiel, C.N., Fapohundra, S.O. and Olarunfemi, M.F. (2013). Mycobiota and aflatoxin B1 contamination of Piper guineense, Piper nigrum .and Monodora myristica from Lagos Nigeria. International Food Research Journal, 20 (1), 111-116.

Ezekiel, C.N., Alabi, O.A., Anokwuru, C.P. and Oginni O. (2011). Studies on dietary aflatoxin-induced genotoxicity using two In Vivo bioassays. Archives of Applied Science Research, 3(2), 97–106.

Farid, M.T., Nareen, Q. and Fagi. A. (2013). Isolation and identification of fungi from spices and medicinal plants. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Science, 5 (3), 131-138.

Gardner, H.D., Williams, W.P. and Windham, G.L. (2012). Diallel analysis of aflatoxin accumulation in maize, Field Crops Response, 102, 60-63.

Gnonlonfin, G.J., Adjovi, Y.C., Tokfo, A.F., Agbekponon, E.D., Ameyapoh, Y., de Souza, C., Brimer, C. and Sanni, A. (2013). Mycobiotaand identification of aflatoxin gene cluster in marketed spices in West Africa. Food Control, 34 (1), 115-120.

Gumel, D. Y. (2022). Assessing climate change vulnerability: A conceptual and theoretical review. Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management, 1(1), 22-31.

Haruna, M., Dangora, D.B., Khan, A.U. and Saleh, A. (2016). Mycobiota and Aflatoxin Contamination of some Spices and Condiments in Katsina Central Market, Nigeria. Journal of Microbiology Research, 1(1), 143-155.

Hashem, M. and Alamri, S. (2010). Contamination of common spices in Saudi Arabia markets with potential mycototoxin- producing fungi. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 17, 167-175.

Iqbal, S.Z., Paterson R.R.M., Bhatti I.A. and Asi, M.R. (2011). Aflatoxin concentrations in chilies vary depending on variety. Mycoscience, 52, 296-299.

Keta, J.N., Mubarak, A., Kasimu, S., Suberu, H.A., Aliero, A.A. and Keta, M.N. (2019). Isolation and Identification of Fungi Associated with Local Maggi (Cwende) in Zuru Local Government Area, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Journal of Innovative Research in Life Sciences, 1(2), 15-20.

Lee, N.A., Wang, S., Allan, R.D. and Kennedy, I.R. (2004). A rapid Aflatoxin B1 ELISA: development and validation with reduced matrix effects for Peanuts, Corn, Pistachio, and Soybeans. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52, 2746–2755.

Lina A. & Omar, Z. (2013). Atlas of food microbiology laboratory.1st electronic edition, 22-24.

Martins, L. M., Martins, M. H. and Bernardo, F. (2001): Aflatoxins in spices marketed in Portugal. Food Additives and Contaminants, 18, 315-319.

Matthews, W. (2005). Survey report. Food standard agency, chemical safety division. London, UK. p. 2.

Mukhtar M.D, Bukar, A., and Abdulkadir, R.M. (2010). Isolation of Fungal Contaminants Associated with Post – Harvest Stored Grains in Dawanau Market, Kano, Nigeria. Advances in Environmental Biology, 4(1), 64-67.

Oranusi, S., Braide, W., Nwodo, C.F. and Nwosu, U.P. (2013). Assay for aflatoxins in some local food condiments. International Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Allied Sciences, 2(3), 529-537.

Robertson, A. (2005): Risk of Aflatoxin Contamination increases with hot and dry growing conditions. Integrated Crop Management, 494(23), 185-186.

Smith, J.E. (2004). Biotechnology. 4th edition. Cambridge: University Press.

Sumanth, G.T., Bhagawan, M.W. and Surendra, R.S. (2010): Incidence of mycoflora from seeds of Indian main spices. African Journal of Agriculture Research, 5(22), 3122-3125

JOSEM

Peer-reviewed Journal

Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management (JOSEM) is an international, open access, peer reviewed research journal.